Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by chronic
inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract, has a progressive and destructive …

Microbe–host communication is essential to maintain vital functions of a healthy host, and its
disruption has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn's disease and …

One of the most significant challenges of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research is to
understand how alterations in the symbiotic relationship between the genetic composition of …

The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a
critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), represented by Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis,
are associated with major morbidity in Western countries and with increasing incidence in …

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with
the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between …

A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic
changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship …

Innate immunity is maintained in part by antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells. APCs interact with T cells to link innate and adaptive …

Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the
last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in …