Major depression disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental illness with significant morbidity
and mortality. Despite the growing number of studies that have emerged, the precise …

Fear motivates different types of defensive behaviors. These behaviors are, however, not
mere byproducts of fear. In this review, we highlight a bi-directional relationship between …

Selbstmanagement kann ausgesprochen lustvoll sein, wenn es sich konsequent an
persönlichen Ressourcen orientiert. Das Zürcher Ressourcen Modell (ZRM®) ist eine …

Social behaviors are among the most important motivated behaviors. How dopamine (DA),
a" reward" signal, releases during social behaviors has been a topic of interest for decades …

The concept of learned helplessness defines an escape or avoidance deficit after
uncontrollable stress and is regarded as a depression-like coping deficit in aversive but …

Animal studies over the past two decades have led to extensive advances in our
understanding of pathogenesis of depressive and mood disorders. Among these, rodent …

Electric foot shock is a complex stressor with both physical and emotional components. It
has been employed as an important tool to develop diverse animal models in the field of …

Aversive motivation plays a prominent role in driving individuals to exert cognitive control.
However, the complexity of behavioral responses attributed to aversive incentives creates …

Elaboration of appropriate responses to behavioral situations rests on the ability of selecting
appropriate motor outcomes in accordance to specific environmental inputs. To this end, the …

Memories relating to a painful, negative event are adaptive and can be stored for a lifetime
to support preemptive avoidance, escape, or attack behavior. However, under unfavorable …