Innate immunity is the first line of the host immune system to fight against infections. Natural
killer cells are the innate immunity lymphocytes responsible for fighting against virus …

Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in antiviral innate defenses because of their abilities
to kill infected cells and secrete regulatory cytokines. Additionally, NK cells exhibit adaptive …

Antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is thought to potentially play a role in
vaccine-induced protection from HIV-1. The characteristics of such antibodies remain …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved elaborate ways to evade
immune cell recognition, including downregulation of classical HLA class I (HLA-I) from the …

It is now evident that NK cells kill bacteria, fungi, and parasites in addition to tumor and virus-
infected cells. In addition to a number of recent publications that have identified the …

Natural killer (NK) cells are a part of the innate immune system that functions mainly to kill
transformed and infected cells. Their activity is controlled by signals derived from a panel of …

HIV-1 Vpu induces downregulation of cell surface NTB-A to evade lysis of HIV-1 infected
cells by NK cells. Here we show that Vpu affects the anterograde transport and the …

Virus protein U (Vpu) from HIV-1, a small membrane protein composed of a transmembrane
helical domain and two α-helices in an amphipathic cytoplasmic domain, down modulates …

Objective: HIV-1 Vpu and Nef proteins downregulate cell surface levels of natural killer (NK)
cell ligands but functional consequences of individual downregulation events are unclear …

Innate and adaptive immune cells within the microenvironment identify and eliminate cells
displaying signs of malignant potential. Immunosurveillance effector Natural Killer (NK) cells …