There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

Women exhibit more rapid escalation from casual drug taking to addiction, exhibit a greater
withdrawal response with abstinence, and tend to exhibit greater vulnerability than men in …

Background Comorbidity of anxiety disorders, stressor-and trauma-related disorders, and
substance use disorders is extremely common. Moreover, therapies that reduce pathological …

Women are more sensitive to cocaine craving elicited by stimuli associated with relapse.
Ovarian hormones modulate cocaine craving and may therefore function as risk factors or …

Rationale Female rodents consume more ethanol (EtOH) than males and exhibit greater
aversion-resistant drinking in some paradigms. Ovarian hormones promote EtOH drinking …

Understanding mesolimbic dopamine adaptations underlying vulnerability to drug relapse is
essential to inform prognostic tools for effective treatment strategies. However, technical …

Stress-related substance use is a major challenge for treating substance use disorders. This
selective review focuses on emerging pharmacotherapies with potential for reducing stress …

Rationale Impulsive choice, or an inability to delay immediate gratification, has been
strongly linked to the development and persistence of drug abuse. Indeed, delaying drug …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) modulates the neuronal activity in specific brain circuits and
has been recently considered as a promising intervention for refractory addiction. The insula …