Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Over the last decades, lactate has emerged as important energy substrate for the brain
fueling of neurons. A growing body of evidence now indicates that it is also a signaling …

Lactate is a critical metabolite during the body's adaption to exercise training, which
effectively relieves anxiety-like disorders. The biological mechanism of lactate in the …

Astrocyte-derived L-lactate was shown to confer beneficial effects on synaptic plasticity and
cognitive functions. However, how astrocytic G i signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex …

Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons, maintain ionic and water homeostasis, and
uptake and recycle neurotransmitters. After exposure to the prototypical PAMP …

The intake of psychobiotic bacteria appears to be a promising adjunct to neuropsychiatric
treatment, and their consumption may even be beneficial for healthy people in terms of …

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a frequent and disabling complication of stroke that affects
up to one-third of stroke survivors. The pathophysiology of PSD involves multiple …

Motivation levels vary across individuals, yet the underlying mechanisms driving these
differences remain elusive. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate …

Post-stroke depression (PSD), a frequent and disabling complication of stroke, has a strong
impact on almost thirty percent of stroke survivors. The pathogenesis of PSD is not …

The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model posits that astrocyte-generated lactate is
transported to neurons to fuel memory processes. However, neurons express high levels of …