Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is
ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative …

Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Objective Development of these guidelines is mandated by the American Association of
Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and the American College of …

The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the
leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the …

POMC-derived melanocortins inhibit food intake. In the adult rodent brain, POMC-
expressing neurons are located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the nucleus tractus …

The central melanocortin system is perhaps the best-characterized neuronal pathway
involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. This collection of circuits is unique in …

Obesity is a global epidemic that contributes to a number of health complications including
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders …

A subset of neurons in the brain, known as 'glucose-excited'neurons, depolarize and
increase their firing rate in response to increases in extracellular glucose. Similar to insulin …

Insulin signaling in central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a novel field of research
since decreased brain insulin levels and/or signaling were associated to impaired learning …

The brain occupies a special hierarchical position in the organism. It is separated from the
general circulation by the blood-brain barrier, has high energy consumption and a low …