Animal venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from
predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of peptides …

Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), characterized by pain and numbness
in hands and feet, is a common side effect of cancer treatment. In most patients, symptoms of …

Classically, the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are thought to
operate independently of each other. This simplistic view has been corrected in recent …

Chronic pain, a pathological state, affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of
study on the neuronal processing of pain, mechanisms underlying the creation and …

Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in
severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation …

Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that spinal microglia modulate the development
and maintenance of some chronic pain states. Here we examined the role of spinal …

Inflammation is a dynamic process that is elicited in response to mechanical injuries, burns,
microbial infections, and other noxious stimuli that may threaten the well-being of the host …

Inflammation is a major characteristic of envenomation by snakes from viperine and
crotaline species. Bothrops asper snake venom elicits, among other alterations, a …

Several bone conditions, eg, bone cancer, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are
associated with a risk of developing persistent pain. Increased osteoclast activity is often the …