The functions of, and interactions between, the innate and adaptive immune systems are
vital for anticancer immunity. Cytotoxic T cells expressing cell-surface CD8 are the most …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are key regulatory signaling proteins governing cancer
cell growth and metastasis. During the last two decades, several molecules targeting RTKs …

Advances in cancer immunity have promoted a major breakthrough in the field of cancer
therapy. This is mainly associated with the successful development of immune checkpoint …

Background The immune system interacts with cancer cells in various intricate ways that can
protect the individual from overproliferation of cancer cells; however, these interactions can …

Immune-checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have revolutionized oncology and firmly established the
subfield of immuno-oncology. Despite this renaissance, a subset of cancer patients remain …

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in human history with extremely poor prognosis.
Although many traditional therapeutic modalities—such as surgery, chemotherapy, and …

Background Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Peritoneal carcinomatosis
(PC) appears to be the most common pattern of recurrence, and more than half of the GC …

Cytotoxic chemotherapeutics (CCTs) are widely used in the treatment of cancer. Although
their mechanisms of action have been best understood in terms of targeting the apparatus of …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and
metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in …

Despite the potential of nanoparticle-based vaccines, their therapeutic efficacy for cancer
immunotherapy is limited. To elicit robust antigen-specific adaptive immune responses …