Viewing the brain as a complex computer of simple neurons cannot account for
consciousness nor essential features of cognition. Single cell organisms with no synapses …

In 1907, Lapicque proposed that an electric field passes through the neuronal membrane
and transmits a signal. Subsequently, a “snake curve” or spike was used to depict the means …

Hodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron's membrane
alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is …

Quantum neurobiology is concerned with potential quantum effects operating in the brain
and the application of quantum information science to neuroscience problems, the latter of …

The problem of explaining the relationship between subjective experience and physical
reality remains difficult and unresolved. In most explanations, consciousness is …

The time crystal concepts introduced by Winfree in the 1960s and Wilczek in 2012 have
identical definitions. If a perturbed system's inherent clock spontaneously runs a new clock …

The current action potential paradigm considers that all components beneath the neuron
membrane are inconsequential. Filamentary communication is less known to the ionic signal …

Humans share with animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, the capacity to sense the
number of items in their environment already at birth. The pervasiveness of this skill across …

The general mechanism of controlling, information and organization in biological systems is
based on the internal coherent electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is supposed …

Using mathematical analyses, Penrose proposed a relation between consciousness
moments and quantum computations occurring in the microtubules (MTs) of the brain. It was …