The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls
hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major component of the systems that
respond to stress, by coordinating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Tightly …

OBJECTIVE: Most research on the effects of severe psychological stress has focused on
stress-related psychopathology. Here, the author develops psychobiological models of …

Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …

Stress and stress-related health impairments are major problems in human life and
elucidating the biological pathways linking stress and disease is of substantial importance …

Whether one is male or female is one of the most important determinants of human health.
While males are more susceptible to cardiovascular and infectious disease, they are …

The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Exposure to hostile conditions initiates responses organized to enhance the probability of
survival. These coordinated responses, known as stress responses, are composed of …

Background: Sex differences in stress responses may be one mechanism underlying gender
differences in depression. We hypothesized that men and women would show different …