For decades, cardiologists have largely underestimated the role of the right heart in heart
failure due to left heart disease. Nowadays, the importance of evaluating right ventricular …

Congestion is one of the main predictors of poor outcome in patients with heart failure (HF).
Assessing and monitoring congestion is essential for optimizing HF therapy. Among the …

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its inactive N-terminal fragment, NT-proBNP, are serum
biomarkers with key roles in the management of heart failure (HF). An increase in the serum …

Background Bioimpedance-based estimates of fluid overload have been widely studied and
systematically reviewed in populations of those undergoing dialysis, but data from …

The most challenging feature of heart failure (HF) still remains the evaluation of congestion.
Residual congestion at discharge and the difficulties in perfectly dosing therapies in order to …

Heart failure (HF) is a common complication of various cardiac diseases, and its incidence
constantly increases. This is caused mainly by aging of populations and improvement in the …

Background and aims Congestion is a key driver of morbidity and mortality in heart failure.
Implanted haemodynamic monitoring devices might allow early identification and …

Background It has been recently reported that the renal venous stasis index (RVSI)
assessed by renal Doppler ultrasonography provides information to stratify pulmonary …

Background There is a need to detect and prevent fluid overload and malnutrition in heart
failure. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis are …

Background The whole-body bioelectrical phase-angle (PhA) is emerging as a new tool in
stratifying prognosis in patients with both acute (AHF) and chronic heart failure (CHF) …