Many proteins are translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in
eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. These proteins use hydrophobic signal …

The concentration of Ca 2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critically important for
maintaining its oxidizing environment as well as for maintaining luminal ATP levels required …

The dynamic ribosome–translocon complex, which resides at the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) membrane, produces a major fraction of the human proteome,. It governs the synthesis …

Most eukaryotic multipass membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane of the
endoplasmic reticulum. Their transmembrane domains (TMDs) are thought to be inserted co …

Many cytosolic proteins lacking a signal peptide, called leaderless cargoes, are secreted
through unconventional secretion. Vesicle trafficking is a major pathway involved. It is …

Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid
arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central …

Protein synthesis, transport, and N-glycosylation are coupled at the mammalian
endoplasmic reticulum by complex formation of a ribosome, the Sec61 protein-conducting …

Ferritin turnover plays a major role in tissue iron homeostasis, and ferritin malfunction is
associated with impaired iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases. In most …

Efficient movement of proteins across membranes is required for cell health. The
translocation process is particularly challenging when the channel in the membrane through …

Many proteins must translocate through the protein-conducting Sec61 channel in the
eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane or the SecY channel in the prokaryotic plasma …