Over the past 10 years, the interest in intranasal drug delivery in pharmaceutical R&D has
increased. This review article summarises information on intranasal administration for local …

The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells …

While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect
nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection models in mice …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted largely by
respiratory droplets or airborne aerosols. Despite being frequently found in the immediate …

Viruses are intracellular pathogens that hijack host cell machinery and resources to
replicate. Rather than being constant, host physiology is rhythmic, undergoing circadian (∼ …

The neuroepithelium is a nasal barrier surface populated by olfactory sensory neurons that
detect odorants in the airway and convey this information directly to the brain via axon fibers …

Olfactory disorders have been increasingly reported in individuals infected with SARS‐CoV‐
2, the virus causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Losing the sense of smell …

In 1935, the olfactory route was hypothesized to be a portal for virus entry into the central
nervous system (CNS). This hypothesis was based on experiments in which nasophayngeal …

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes life-long latent infection within sensory neurons,
during which viral lytic gene expression is silenced. The only highly expressed viral gene …

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that acutely causes fever as well
as severe joint and muscle pain. Chronic musculoskeletal pain persists in a substantial …