The primary cilium is an antenna-like organelle assembled on most types of quiescent and
differentiated mammalian cells. This immotile structure is essential for interpreting …

The hedgehog (Hh) family comprises sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and
desert hedgehog (Dhh), which are versatile signaling molecules involved in a wide …

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development. It
becomes reactivated in many types of acute and chronic liver injuries. Hh signaling is …

The primary cilium is an essential organizing center for signal transduction, and ciliary
defects cause congenital disorders known collectively as ciliopathies. 1–3 Primary cilia form …

Caveolae introduce flask-shaped convolutions into the plasma membrane and help to
protect the plasma membrane from damage under stretch forces. The protein components …

Intercellular communication is an essential process in all multicellular organisms. During this
process, molecules secreted by one cell will bind to a receptor on the cognate cell leading to …

Background Primary cilia are small non-motile microtubule and cell membrane protrusions
expressed on most vertebrate cells, including cortical and hippocampal neurons. These …

Endocytic and recycling pathways generate cargo-laden transport carriers by membrane
fission. Classical dynamins, which generate transport carriers during endocytosis, constrict …

The primary cilium is an antennae‐like structure extent outside the cell surface. It has an
important role in regulating cell‐signaling transduction to affect proliferation, differentiation …

The basal body is a highly organized structure essential for the formation of cilia. Basal
bodies dock to a cellular membrane through their distal appendages (also known as …