Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Ocean reanalyses combine ocean models, atmospheric forcing fluxes, and observations
using data assimilation to give a four-dimensional description of the ocean. Metrics …

GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12°
horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed and implemented …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

The long-term warming of the ocean is a critical indicator of both the past and present state
of the climate system. It also provides insights about the changes to come, owing to the …

The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities
traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we …

Long-term changes in ocean heat content (OHC) represent a fundamental global warming
indicator and are mostly caused by anthropogenic climate-altering gas emissions. OHC …

The observational network around the North Atlantic has improved significantly over the last
few decades with subsurface profiling floats and satellite observations and the recent efforts …

Marine heatwaves damage marine ecosystems and services, with effects identified mostly
below the ocean surface. To create a truly user-relevant detection system, it is necessary to …