Aluminum-containing adjuvants are widely used in preventive vaccines against infectious
diseases and in preparations for allergy immunotherapy. The mechanism by which they …

Highlights•Insoluble aluminum salts have long been used to stimulate B and CD4 T cell
responses.•The need for IL-1/MyD88 for alum's adjuvancy depends on the site of …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a respiratory
disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the spread of which has led to a …

Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step
in a future pandemic. Several factors that limit the transmission and replication of avian IAVs …

Microbial biochemicals have been indicated as the primary stimulators of innate immunity,
the first line of the body's defence against infections. However, the influence of topological …

Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the
development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and …

Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading
pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen …

Although most vaccines are administered im, little is known about the dendritic cells (DCs)
that are present within skeletal muscles. In this article, we show that expression of CD64, the …

Introduction: Although much progress has been made in the last decade (s) toward
development of effective cancer vaccines, there are still important obstacles to therapeutic …

Adjuvants such as the aluminum compounds (alum) have been dominantly used in many
vaccines due to their immunopotentiation and safety records since 1920s. However, how …