Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and
constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is …

The ability to adapt to altered availability of free water is a fundamental property of living
cells. The principles underlying osmoadaptation are well conserved. The yeast …

An appropriate response and adaptation to hyperosmolarity, ie., an external osmolarity that
is higher than the physiological range, can be a matter of life or death for all cells. It is …

The Rho GTPases form a subgroup of the Ras superfamily of 20-to 30-kD GTP-binding
proteins that have been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions. These …

▪ Abstract The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) 1–3 are serine/threonine protein kinases whose
activity is stimulated by the binding of active Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Our understanding of …

SUMMARY A cascade of three protein kinases known as a mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) cascade is commonly found as part of the signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells …

Cell polarity is the ultimate reflection of complex mechanisms that establish and maintain
functionally specialized domains in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The spatial …

Asymmetric cell division, which includes cell polarization and cytokinesis, is essential for
generating cell diversity during development. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae …

Somatic mutations in the KEAP1 ubiquitin ligase or its substrate NRF2 (NFE2L2) commonly
occur in human cancer, resulting in constitutive NRF2-mediated transcription of …

We present an analysis of over 1,100 of the∼ 10,000 predicted proteins encoded by the
genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Seven major areas of …