Urban universities are a microcosm of urban built-up areas, such as cities, but with a much
smaller scale of spatial resolution. Within universities, there are many types of landscape …

Natural and anthropogenic factors, such as volcanic eruptions and land use, are indirect
causes of changes in the micro-scale climate. Over the past 30 years, climate change has …

The development of facilities and infrastructure in Malang is triggering green open space
(GOS) into built-up land. However, the development causes an urban heat island …

Urban areas with low vegetation trigger an increase in LST, while areas with dominant
vegetation trigger a decrease in LST. Green space can produce shadows covering the …

Urban temperature changes dynamically due to the rapid changes of urban land-use/land-
cover. Urban forest is important to maintain the urban temperature at a pleasant level …

South Tangerang city is one of the largest cities in Indonesia, located directly adjacent to the
capital city of Jakarta. The increase in population and rapid development causes the air …

Sumedang Regency has experienced considerable development in recent times. They
started by expanding residential areas and toll roads to construct the Jatigede Dam …

BACKGROUND Over the years, the rapid growth in population and industrialization has
resulted in the concentration of economic and social functions in the urban areas such …

Urban heat is a phenomenon that caused bay relationship solar heat and land cover types
consequence, and the urban heat effect on the environment and impact on human activities …

The rapid urbanization has produced a remarkable effect on the surface thermal response.
The effects significantly influence internal urban microclimate on a regional scale. This has …