As polymer networks infiltrated with water, hydrogels constitute the major components of the
human body; and hydrogels have been widely used in applications that closely interact with …

Hydrogels are hydrophilic, highly water swellable polymer networks capable of converting
chemical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. They can be tailored regarding …

Recent years have faced stimulating developments in the functionalization of electrode
surfaces with biological materials, notably due to the significant input of nanosciences and …

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can mini-invasively track blood glucose fluctuation
and reduce the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and this is is in great demand for …

Prussian blue and its analogs (PBA) form an attractive family of materials for sensing and
biosensing applications. Due to their open framework structure their electrochemical …

Enzymatic biofuel cells represent an emerging technology that can create electrical energy
from biologically renewable catalysts and fuels. A wide variety of redox enzymes have been …

The interest in glucose biosensors persisted over many years and persistent efforts have
been made to develop long term stable glucose biosensors with precision, smart analytical …

Ferrocene-based polymers as redox mediators are considered versatile and important in the
study of glucose biosensors. Poly-L-lysine (PLL), as a cationic polymer, possesses good …

Stimuli-sensitive layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly systems have generated much interest
among researchers worldwide due to the simplicity of the process by which they are …

Enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis often requires an artificial redox mediator to observe
significant electron transfer rates. The use of such mediators can add a substantial …