The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the likelihood of
a supply disruption of a material and the vulnerability of a system (eg a national economy …

New development and technological innovations make electrical and electronic equipment
(EEE) more functional by using an increasing number of metals, particularly the critical …

Climate change affects price fluctuations in the carbon, energy and metals markets through
physical and transition risks. Climate physical risk is mainly caused by extreme weather …

Cobalt is an indispensable element for the manufacture of strategic technologies including
advanced batteries, jet engines, rare-earth permanent magnets, petroleum catalysts, and …

As the world moves towards net-zero emissions, ensuring a secure, sustainable, and ethical
supply of critical minerals like copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements (REEs) …

Lanthanides are a chemically uniform group of metals (La–Lu) that, together with yttrium (Y)
and scandium (Sc), form the group of rare earth elements (REEs). Because of their many …

The efficient separation of metals from ores and secondary sources such as electronic waste
is necessary to realising circularity in metal supply. Precipitation processes are increasingly …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are in high demand as critical materials in modern green and
other advanced technologies. This review focuses on the recovery of REEs from waste with …

Some rare earth elements (REEs) are classified under critical materials, ie, essential in use
and subject to supply risk, due to their increasing demand, monopolistic supply, and …

The energy transition is causing a surge in demand for minerals for clean energy
technologies, giving rise to concerns about the sources and security of supplies of critical …