Depending on the cytokine environment, macrophages can differentiate into distinct subsets
that perform specific immunological roles. In this regard, the functions of macrophages …

Parasites, including African trypanosomes, utilize several immune evasion strategies to
ensure their survival and completion of their life cycles within their hosts. The defense factors …

Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMφ) are primarily associated with the chronic
stages of parasitic infections and the development of a polarized Th2 response. We have …

Although it is well‐established that macrophages can occur in distinct activation states, the
molecular characteristics of differentially activated macrophages, and particularly those of …

Francisella tularensis (Ft), the causative agent of tularemia, elicits a potent inflammatory
response early in infection, yet persists within host macrophages and can be lethal if left …

Compared with type I cytokine–associated myeloid (M1) cells, the molecular repertoire and
mechanisms underlying functional properties of type II cytokine–associated myeloid (M2) …

Antiparasite responses are associated with the recruitment of monocytes that differentiate to
macrophages and dendritic cells at the site of infection. Although classically activated …

A type 1 cytokine‐dependent proinflammatory response inducing classically activated
macrophages (CaMϕs) is crucial for parasite control during protozoan infections but can …

The opportunistic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a prototypic Th1-inducing pathogen
inducing strong gamma interferon (IFN-γ) cytokine responses that are required to survive …

The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania,
protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and …