Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent that reacts with ocular, respiratory, cutaneous, and
bone marrow tissues, resulting in early and late toxic effects. We compare these effects …

Corneal wound healing studies have a long history and rich literature that describes the data
obtained over the past 70 years using many different species of animals and methods of …

Ever since it was first used in armed conflict, mustard gas (sulfur mustard, MG) has been
known to cause a wide range of acute and chronic injuries to exposure victims. The earliest …

The first edition of this book, Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels, was
published just prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. Reflecting a greater …

Sulfur mustard is a member of the vesicant class of chemical warfare agents that causes
blistering to the skin and mucous membranes. There is no specific antidote, and treatment …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, known for its ability to cause incapacitation and
prolonged injuries to the eyes, skin and respiratory system. The toxic ocular events following …

Iranian soldiers were attacked with chemical bombs, rockets and artillery shells 387 times
during the 8-years war by Iraq (1980–1988). More than 1,000 tons of sulfur mustard gas was …

Abstract Sulfur mustard (2, 2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) is a potent vesicating chemical
warfare agent that poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations …

Mustard agents are vesicants that were used in warfare multiple times. They are potent
alkylating agents that activate cellular pathways of apoptosis, increase oxidative stress, and …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a cytotoxic, vesicating, chemical warfare agent, first used in 1917;
corneas are particularly vulnerable to SM exposure. They may develop inflammation …