To understand subjective evaluation of an option, various disciplines have quantified the
interaction between reward and effort during decision making, producing an estimate of …

Humans and other animals are motivated to act so as to maximize their subjective reward
rate. Here, we propose that reward rate maximization is accomplished by adjusting a context …

During foraging, animals decide how long to stay at a patch and harvest reward, and then,
they move with certain vigor to another location. How does the brain decide when to leave …

The ability of the brain to accurately control a movement depends on the cerebellum. Yet,
how the cerebellar neurons encode information relevant for this control remains poorly …

Reward has a remarkable ability to invigorate motor behavior, enabling individuals to select
and execute actions with greater precision and speed. However, if reward is to be exploited …

Why do we move slower as we grow older? The reward circuits of the brain, which tend to
invigorate movements, decline with aging, raising the possibility that reduced vigor is due to …

During deliberation, as we quietly consider our options, the neural activities representing the
decision variables that reflect the goodness of each option rise in various regions of the …

Time and effort are thought to be subjectively balanced during the planning of goal-directed
actions, thereby setting the vigor of volitional movements. Theoretical models predicted that …

Human movements with or without vision exhibit timing (ie speed and duration) and
variability characteristics which are not well captured by existing computational models …

The central nervous system plans human reaching movements with stereotypically smooth
kinematic trajectories and fairly consistent durations. Smoothness seems to be explained by …