Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a valuable technique to investigate
defects in solids, such as vacancy clusters and grain boundaries in metals and alloys, as …

Hydrogel is a type of crosslinked three-dimensional polymer network structure gel. It can
swell and hold a large amount of water but does not dissolve. It is an excellent membrane …

This article presents a comparative analysis of three distinct zirconia-inserted polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) polymer matrices. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy …

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells have the potential to reduce our energy
consumption, pollutant emissions, and dependence on fossil fuels. To achieve a wide range …

Proton exchange membranes made of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol and sulfophthalic acid
(PVA-sPTA) were successfully fabricated by casting method and crosslinked at 100° C with …

Sulfonated covalent organic frameworks (SCOFs) facilitate rapid proton conduction through
densely ordered sulfonic acid groups, however, the brittleness of COFs self-supporting …

The subnano level free‐volume hole features of poly (styrene sulfonic acid)(PSSA) grafted
poly (ethylene‐co‐tetrafluoroethylene) polymer electrolyte membranes (ETFE‐PEMs) are …

The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) experiments have been conducted on pure
polyether sulfone (PES) and sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) with varying degrees of …

A systematic study was carried out on Nafion® 112 membranes to evaluate the effects of
different electric field strengths on the structural and electrical properties of the membranes …