The field of biomaterials has grown rapidly over the past decades. Within this field, porous
biomaterials have played a remarkable role in:(i) enabling the manufacture of complex three …

Background: The treatment of microtia or acquired ear deformities by surgery is a significant
challenge for plastic and ENT surgeons; one of the most difficult points is constructing the …

Children suffering from microtia have few options for auricular reconstruction. Tissue
engineering approaches attempt to replicate the complex anatomy and structure of the ear …

A professional guide to 3D and 4D printing technology in the biomedical and
pharmaceutical fields 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications offers an authoritative …

Airway and other head and neck disorders affect hundreds of thousands of patients each
year and most require surgical intervention. Among these, congenital deformity that affects …

Background Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes have been
reported to present “dedifferentiation” and “phenotypic loss” during the chondrogenic …

The tissue engineering technique using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and scaffolds is
promising. Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is generally accepted as an …

Purpose The significant shortcomings associated with current autologous reconstructive
options for auricular deformities have inspired great interest in a tissue engineering solution …

BACKGROUND: As a contour-supporting material, the cartilage has a significant application
value in plastic surgery. Since the development of hydrogel scaffolds with sufficient …

Total ear reconstruction describes surgical approaches aimed toward restoring the external
ear to correct acquired or congenital deformities. Frameworks for auricular reconstruction …