Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are directly light-gated ion channels that function as sensory
photoreceptors in flagellated green algae, allowing these algae to identify optimal light …

Channelrhodopsins are light-activated ion channels that mediate cation permeation across
cell membranes upon light absorption. Red-light-activated channelrhodopsins are of …

The new and vibrant field of optogenetics was founded by the seminal discovery of
channelrhodopsin, the first light-gated cation channel. Despite the numerous applications …

Natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) discovered in the cryptophyte alga Guillardia theta
generate large hyperpolarizing currents at membrane potentials above the Nernst …

Rhodopsin photosensors of phototactic algae act as light-gated cation channels when
expressed in animal cells. These proteins (channelrhodopsins) are extensively used for …

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) from phototactic algae
have become widely used as genetically encoded molecular tools to control cell membrane …

Channelrhodopsin (ChR) is a key protein of the optogenetic toolkit. C1C2, a functional
chimeric protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ChR1 and ChR2, is the only ChR whose …

Integral membrane proteins (MPs) are key engineering targets due to their critical roles in
regulating cell function. In engineering MPs, it can be extremely challenging to retain …

Channelrhodopsins serve as photoreceptors that control the motility behavior of green
flagellate algae and act as light-gated ion channels when heterologously expressed in …