An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Neural circuits must maintain stable function in the face of many plastic challenges,
including changes in synapse number and strength, during learning and development …

The current review focuses on studies in rodents published since 2008 and explores
possible reasons for any differences they report in the effects of gestational stress on various …

Experiences, whether they be learning in a classroom, a stressful event, or ingestion of a
psychoactive substance, impact the brain by modifying the activity and organization of …

Although the biological bases of forgetting remain obscure, the consensus among cognitive
psychologists emphasizes interference processes, rejecting decay in accounting for memory …

Abstract “Neural plasticity” refers to the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself,
functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury. As the various chapters in …

Synaptic plasticity is a key component of the learning machinery in the brain. It is vital that
such plasticity be tightly regulated so that it occurs to the proper extent at the proper time …

Aiming at a formulation of a cytokine model of cognitive function under immunologically
unchallenged physiological conditions, this article reviews the cytokine biology in the central …

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a negative feedback mechanism that neurons use to offset
excessive excitation or inhibition by adjusting their synaptic strengths. Recent findings …

Beyond their well-established role as triggers for LTP and LTD of fast synaptic transmission
mediated by AMPA receptors, an expanding body of evidence indicates that NMDA …