Innate immunity is a semi‐specific and widely distributed form of immunity, which represents
the first line of defence against pathogens. This type of immunity is critical to maintain …

Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and
sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) derive from fetal liver monocytes, which colonize the lung
during embryonic development and give rise to fully mature AMs perinatally. AM …

Emerging evidence indicates that angiogenesis and immunosuppression frequently occur
simultaneously in response to diverse stimuli. Here, we describe a fundamental biological …

Experimental research has recognized the importance of cardiac fibroblast and
myofibroblast cells in heart repair and function. In a normal healthy heart, the cardiac …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been shown to play an essential role in the
suppression of inflammation, yet recent studies have revealed the positive roles of TGF-β in …

Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in
multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL …

Macrophages contribute to the activation of fibroblastic cells into myofibroblasts, which
secrete collagen and contract the collagen matrix to acutely repair injured tissue. Persistent …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been shown to play an essential role in
establishing immunological tolerance, yet recent studies have revealed the pro-inflammatory …

Myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC) have been reported to promote metastasis, but
the loss of cancer-induced B cells/B regulatory cells (tBreg) can block metastasis despite …