Opioid receptors (ORs) are undisputed targets for the treatment of pain. Unfortunately,
targeting these receptors therapeutically poses significant challenges including addiction …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key events in signal transduction since they
affect protein function by regulating their abundance and/or activity. PTMs involve the …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with intracellular transducers to control both
signal initiation and desensitization, but the distinct mechanisms that control the regulation …

Chronic opioid exposure induces tolerance to the pain-relieving effects of opioids but
sensitization to some other effects. While the occurrence of these adaptations is well …

Opioid tolerance is well-described physiologically but its mechanistic basis remains
incompletely understood. An important site of opioid action in vivo is the presynaptic …

The trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) to different membrane
compartments has recently emerged as being a critical determinant of the signaling profiles …

Humans have used opioids to suppress moderate to severe pain for thousands of years.
However, the long-term use of opioids has several adverse effects, such as opioid tolerance …

This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Understanding the link between agonist-induced phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor
(MOR) and the associated physiological effects is critical for the development of novel …

Morphine, a typical opiate, is widely used for controlling pain but can lead to various side
effects with long-term use, including addiction, analgesic tolerance, and hyperalgesia. At …