Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with a heterogeneous genetic,
neurobiological, and phenotypic profile. Currently, no objective biological measures—that is …

Abstract Background The glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
hypotheses of schizophrenia were proposed in the 1980s. However, current findings on …

Scientists have long sought to characterize the pathophysiologic basis of schizophrenia and
develop biomarkers that could identify the illness. Extensive postmortem and in vivo …

Psychosis Psychosis is a syndrome embedded in several disorders, including schizophrenia
and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Dopamine and glutamate are implicated in the …

There is a growing understanding that pathological genetic variation and environmental
insults during sensitive periods in brain development have long-term consequences on …

Importance Alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission may be fundamental to the
pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and the glutamatergic system is a target for novel …

Abstract Since Emil Kraepelin's conceptualization of endogenous psychoses as dementia
praecox and manic depression, the separation between primary psychotic disorders and …

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that is derived from astrocytes as part of the kynurenine …

Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities of hippocampal structure and function.
Neuroimaging studies have shown that the hippocampus is hyperactive in schizophrenia …

Neurological and psychiatric disorders are leading contributors to the global disease
burden, having a serious impact on the quality of life of both patients and their relatives …