A new quantum dialogue protocol is designed by using the continuous-variable two-mode
squeezed vacuum states due to its entanglement property. The two communication parties …

The security of classical cryptography based on computational complexity assumptions has
been severely challenged with the rapid development of quantum computers and quantum …

We analyze the security of multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication using
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state. It is shown that the receiver, using a special …

A two-step quantum secure direct dialogue protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)
pair block is proposed. In the protocol, the dialogue messages are encoded on series of …

Quantum cloud computing facilitates the rapid processing of vast amounts of data and
provides robust network services. To enhance the efficiency and security of data …

By swapping the entanglement of Bell states, we propose two quantum dialogue protocols,
which have two different characters, one with the “two-step” character and the other with the …

In this paper, a novel quantum dialogue (QD) protocol is proposed based on single photons
in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. In the proposed QD protocol, the …

This work proposes two quantum dialogue protocols, each of which is robust against one of
the following two kinds of collective noise: collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation …

Classical communications are used in the post-processing procedure of quantum key
distribution. Since the security of quantum key distribution is based on the principles of …

By combining the idea of quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and BB84 quantum
key distribution (QKD), we propose a secure quantum dialogue protocol via single photons …