The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular
system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout …

During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the
equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine
(tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive …

In its classical view, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was defined as an endocrine
system involved in blood pressure regulation and body electrolyte balance. However, the …

Thirty years ago, a novel axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was unveiled by the
discovery of angiotensin-(1− 7)[ANG-(1− 7)] generation in vivo. Later, angiotensin …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a deadly disease with no cure. Alternate
conversion of angiotensin II (AngII) to angiotensin-(1–7)(Ang-(1–7)) by angiotensin …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract
several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and …

Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and
death, and lowering blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs reduces target organ …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological
regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed …