Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in non-enzymatic reaction, oxidation,
rearrangement and cross-linking between the active carbonyl groups of reducing sugars …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a
central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the …

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in
vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and …

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) in dopaminergic neurons …

Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a key protein involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. PD
is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neuronal cells in the substantia nigra pars …

For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved
around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral …

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) affect essential functions not only in the CNS, but also
cause persistent gut dysfunctions, suggesting that they have an impact on both CNS and gut …

There is increasing knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome in modulating brain and
behaviour. Indeed, the actions of microbial metabolites are key for appropriate gut-brain …