Human perception is remarkably flexible: We experience vivid three-dimensional (3D)
structure under diverse conditions, from the seemingly random magic-eye stereograms to …

Depth structure, the third dimension of object shape, is extracted from disparity, motion,
texture, and shading in the optic array. Gradient-selective neurons play a key role in this …

Decision making under risk is central to human behavior. Economic decision theory
suggests that value, risk, and risk aversion influence choice behavior. Although previous …

Three-dimensional (3D) shape is important for the visual control of grasping and
manipulation and for object recognition. Although there has been some progress in our …

Processing of binocular disparity is thought to be widespread throughout cortex, highlighting
its importance for perception and action. Yet the computations and functional roles …

The primate visual system consists of a ventral stream, specialized for object recognition,
and a dorsal visual stream, which is crucial for spatial vision and actions. However, little is …

Humans exploit a range of visual depth cues to estimate three-dimensional structure. For
example, the slant of a nearby tabletop can be judged by combining information from …

Three-dimensional (3D) shape is important for the visual control of grasping and
manipulation. We used fMRI to study the processing of 3D shape extracted from disparity in …

Amblyopia is a cerebral visual impairment considered to derive from abnormal visual
experience (eg, strabismus, anisometropia). Amblyopia, first considered as a monocular …

Delayed rewards lose their value for economic decisions and constitute weaker reinforcers
for learning. Temporal discounting of reward value already occurs within a few seconds in …