Cytochrome c oxidase is discussed as a possible photoacceptor when cells are irradiated
with monochromatic red to near-IR radiation. Four primary action mechanisms are reviewed …

Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated endogenously or in response to
environmental stress have long been implicated in tissue injury in the context of a variety of …

▪ Abstract Reactive oxygen intermediates are produced in all aerobic organisms during
respiration and exist in the cell in a balance with biochemical antioxidants. Excess reactive …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are proline-directed serine/threonine kinases that
are activated by dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine residues in response to a …

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a pleiotropic cellular factor that has thiol-mediated redox activity and is
important in regulation of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and gene …

Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous second messenger, arises in biological systems during
the oxidative catabolism of heme by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. HO exists as …

UVB radiation-induced signaling in mammalian cells involves two major pathways: one that
is initiated through the generation of DNA photoproducts in the nucleus and a second one …

Oxidative stresses such as UV irradiation to mammalian cells triggers a variety of oxistress
responses including activation of transcription factors. Recently, activation of nuclear factor …

Stabilization of mRNAs contributes to the strong and rapid induction of genes in the
inflammatory response. The signaling mechanisms involved were investigated using a …

The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer is rising and primary prevention, including the
use of sun screens, has proven inadequate in reducing this incidence. Chemoprevention …