Like all other vertebrate groups, amphibian responses to the environment are mediated
through the brain (hypothalamic)-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and the …

Wild animals are brought into captivity for many reasons—conservation, research,
agriculture and the exotic pet trade. While the physical needs of animals are met in captivity …

Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is a fungal pathogen of amphibians that is
emerging in Europe and could be introduced to North America through international trade or …

In this study an assessment is made of how the marsh frog P. ridibundus individuals, being
long-term inhabitants of an anthropogenically polluted habitat, are affected and what …

The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying stress responses in vertebrates is hypothesized
to be highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient. Indeed, elements of this mechanism, from …

Stressful experiences can promote harmful effects on physiology and fitness. However,
stress-mediated hormonal and immune changes are complex and may be highly dependent …

Glucocorticoid (GC) release is triggered by adverse stimuli that activate the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis. Glucocorticoids may enhance or suppress immune …

Immune responses have been mostly studied at a specific time in anuran species. However,
time-changes related to immunomodulation associated with glucocorticoid (GC) alterations …

Stress from habitat fragmentation has been shown to impact amphibian declines. Studies
from a variety of vertebrates indicate that stressed animals exhibit an acute increase in …

Previous studies in a variety of vertebrates show stressed animals to exhibit acute increases
in glucocorticoid levels, with consequences for immune modulation. Chronically elevated …