Despite daily fasting and feeding, plasma glucose levels are normally maintained within a
narrow range owing to the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin increases glucose …

Rabs are GTP-binding proteins with conserved functions in membrane trafficking. They are
regulated by a diverse group of structurally unrelated GDP-GTP exchange factors (GEFs) …

An intronic GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common cause of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the pathogenic …

The scientific scenario of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has dramatically changed
since TDP-43 aggregates were discovered in 2006 as the main component of the neuronal …

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue is vital for maintaining
whole-body glucose homeostasis. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into these tissues by …

To enhance glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells, insulin stimulates the translocation of
GLUT4 glucose transporters from intracellular membranes to the cell surface. This response …

In the liver, insulin-mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt
pathway is at the core of metabolic control. Multiple PI3K and Akt isoenzymes are found in …

Glucose entry into muscle cells is precisely regulated by insulin, through recruitment of
GLUT4 (glucose transporter-4) to the membrane of muscle and fat cells. Work done over …

Activation of the JAK–STAT pathway by type I interferons (IFNs) requires clathrin-dependent
endocytosis of the IFN-α and-β receptor (IFNAR), indicating a role for endosomal sorting in …

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors utilize common phosphoinositide 3-
kinase/Akt and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways to mediate a …