During the last 30 years, all European Union member states have reformed their pension
systems. In view of ongoing and intensifying population aging, efforts have aimed at …

Background The social gradient in health is one of the most reliable findings in public health
research. The two competing hypotheses that try to explain this gradient are known as the …

Background Low socioeconomic position is consistently associated with increased risk of
premature death. The aim of this study is to measure the aggregate scale of inequality in …

Objective To determine whether government efforts in reducing inequalities in health in
European countries have actually made a difference to mortality inequalities by …

At a time when social inequalities are increasing at an alarming rate, this new edition of Mel
Bartleys popular book is a vital resource for understanding the extent of health inequalities …

Background During the last years, Europe experienced an increase in immigration due to a
variety of worldwide wars and conflicts, which in turn resulted in a greater number of …

The magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality differs importantly between
countries, but these variations have not been satisfactorily explained. We explored the role …

Background Between the 1990s and 2000s, relative inequalities in all-cause mortality
increased, whereas absolute inequalities decreased in many European countries. Whether …

Health differences which correspond to socioeconomic status (SES) can be attributed to
three causal mechanisms: SES affects health (social causation), health affects SES (health …

Much research has investigated the association of income inequality with average life
expectancy, usually finding negative correlations that are not very robust. A smaller body of …