Several insect innate immune mechanisms are activated in response to infection by
entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). In this review, we focus on the coagulation of …

Aposematic animals couple unprofitability to predators, such as toxicity, with a warning
signal, such as conspicuous coloration. Although toxicity and coloration can provide …

Introduction The midgut epithelium functions as tissue for nutrient uptake as well as physical
barrier against pathogens. Additionally, it responds to pathogen contact by production and …

Stingless bees are generalist pollinators distributed through the pantropical region. There is
growing evidence that their wild populations are experiencing substantial decline in …

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most common entomopathogenic bacteria used as a
biopesticide, and source of endotoxin genes for generating insect-resistant transgenic …

Evidence is accumulating that pattern recognition receptor (PRR) C‐type lectins (CTL) play
essential roles in recognition of pathogens. TcCTL14 (accession no. TC00871) contains the …

Varroa destructor and the pathogens they vector have contributed significantly to high
annual honey bee colony losses. Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most prevalent honey …

In this essay we provide a comprehensive update on the biology and molecular biology of
prostaglandins (PGs) and other eicosanoids in insects. Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) is the first …

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum hosts different facultative symbionts (FS) which provide
it with various benefits, such as tolerance to heat or protection against natural enemies (eg …

在长期进化过程中, 昆虫形成了强大的天然免疫防御系统, 即体液免疫和细胞免疫.
体液免疫主要包括Toll, IMD 和JAK/STAT 3 条信号通路, 通过信号转导及免疫途径调控免疫相关 …