During even the most quiescent behavioral periods, the cortex and thalamus express rich
spontaneous activity in the form of slow (< 1 Hz), synchronous network state transitions …

Cell excitability and its modulation by hormones and neurotransmitters involve the concerted
action of a large repertoire of membrane proteins, especially ion channels. Unique …

Internal brain states affect sensory perception, cognition, and learning. Many neocortical
areas exhibit changes in the pattern and synchrony of neuronal activity during quiet versus …

The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is involved in many brain functions
and neurological disorders. In this review we discuss how LC-NE signaling affects the …

Cortical neurons process information on a background of spontaneous, ongoing activity with
distinct spatiotemporal profiles defining different cortical states. During wakefulness, cortical …

During non-REM sleep the EEG is dominated by slow waves which result from synchronized
UP and DOWN states in the component neurons of the thalamocortical network. This review …

The thalamus is a key structure that controls the routing of information in the brain.
Understanding modulation at the thalamic level is critical to understanding the flow of …

Neuronal activity in primary motor cortex (M1) correlates with behavioral state, but the
cellular mechanisms underpinning behavioral state-dependent modulation of M1 output …

The locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NE) neuromodulatory system is critically involved
in regulation of neural excitability via its diffuse ascending projections. Tonic NE release in …

Noradrenaline (NA) in the thalamus has important roles in physiological, pharmacological,
and pathological neuromodulation. In this work, a complete characterization of NA axons …