Diabetic retinopathy (DR) causes significant visual loss on a global scale. Treatments for the
vision-threatening complications of diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic …

Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes mellitus and
remains a leading cause of vision loss globally. Its aetiology and pathology have been …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as
vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural …

Spectra of “white LEDs” are characterized by an intense emission in the blue region of the
visible spectrum, absent in daylight spectra. This blue component and the high intensity of …

The three interacting components of the outer blood-retinal barrier are the retinal pigment
epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and Bruch's membrane, the extracellular matrix that lies …

Inner and outer blood‐retinal barriers (BRBs), mainly composed of retinal endothelial cells
and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, respectively, maintain the integrity of the retinal …

Ageing and alteration of the functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are at the
origin of lost of vision seen in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). The RPE is known …

Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to retinal
vascular abnormalities and visual impairment. While retinal endothelial pathology is well …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most frequent complication of diabetes, is one of the leading
causes of irreversible blindness in working-age adults and has traditionally been regarded …