The pandemic of COVID-19 is the biggest public health crisis in 21 st Century. Besides the
acute symptoms after infection, patients and society are also being challenged by the long …

Abstract Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the most widely used vaccine worldwide and
has been used to prevent tuberculosis for a century. BCG also stimulates an anti-tumour …

The lungs are the primary target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) infection, with severe hypoxia being the cause of death in the most critical cases …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has taken a massive toll on
human life worldwide. The case of the United States—the world's largest economy—is …

SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are major infectious causes of death,
with meta-analyses and population-based studies finding increased mortality in co-infected …

Trained immunity is a renewed concept of innate immune memory that facilitates the innate
immune system to have the capacity to remember and train cells via metabolic and …

The tuberculosis vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), also affords protection against
non-tuberculous diseases attributable to heterologous immune mechanisms such as trained …

ABSTRACT As of September 2021, 117 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development,
and 194 are in preclinical development as per the World Health Organization (WHO) …

Abstract Background The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine may confer cross‐
protection against viral diseases in adults. This study evaluated BCG vaccine cross …

To prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and aid restoration to
prepandemic normality, global mass vaccination is urgently needed. Inducing herd immunity …