The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the obligate intracellular
Apicomplexa phylum the most deadly of which, Plasmodium falciparum, prevails in Africa …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …

Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P. falciparum and P. vivax,
is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the …

Inflammation is the body's response to insults, which include infection, trauma, and
hypersensitivity. The inflammatory response is complex and involves a variety of …

Background Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of
people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of …

Background Characteristic symptoms of malaria include recurrent fever attacks and
neurodegeneration, signs that are also found in patients with a hyperactive Nalp3 …

Unmethylated DNA with CpG-motifs is recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and
pleiotropic immune responses are elicited. Macrophages and conventional dendritic cells …