Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria
have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

We have developed Fgenesb_annotator pipeline that provides completely automatic and
comprehensive annotation of microbial genomic sequence. The pipeline identifies protein …

Antibiotic resistance continues to plague antimicrobial chemotherapy of infectious disease.
And while true biocide resistance is as yet unrealized, in vitro and in vivo episodes of …

Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative,
facultative intracellular bacterium. Typically, human and animal infections are caused by F …

Antibiotic resistance continues to hamper antimicrobial chemotherapy of infectious disease,
and while biocide resistance outside of the laboratory is as yet unrealized, in vitro and in …

TolC is an archetypal member of the outer membrane efflux protein (OEP) family. These
proteins are involved in export of small molecules and toxins across the outer membrane of …

Conventional antimicrobials are increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of multidrug-
resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. The need to overcome these deficiencies …

Multidrug efflux pumps have emerged as important mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
in bacterial pathogens. In order to cause infection, pathogenic bacteria require mechanisms …

Background Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis and holarctica are pathogenic to
humans, whereas the two other subspecies, novicida and mediasiatica, rarely cause …