Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been associated with high exposure to
fine particulate air pollutants (PM2. 5). Alveolar macrophages are the first defense against …

Mammalian lungs are metabolically active organs that frequently encounter environmental
insults. Stress responses elicit protective autophagy in epithelial barrier cells and the …

Emphysema is one of the most important phenotypes for chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). Apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) causes the emphysematous …

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. TRPV4 belongs to the 'transient
receptor potential'(TRP) superfamily. It has been identified to profoundly affect a variety of …

Lead (Pb), a toxic environmental pollutant, is hazardous to the health of humans and birds.
Bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a unique organ of birds. Toxic substances can attack BF and …

Introduction Cigarette smoke triggers many cellular and signaling responses in the lung and
the resulting inflammation plays a central role in smoke-related lung diseases, such as …

Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic
inflammation that predominantly affects the lung and peripheral airways. Previous …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease
mainly caused by smoking. Cigarette smoke damages airway epithelium and activates lung …

Early life environmental influences such as exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) can disturb
molecular processes of lung development and thereby increase the risk for later …

Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the
development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and various types of …