Adenosine receptor subtypes, first described 40 years ago, are known to regulate diverse
biological functions and have a role in various conditions, such as cerebral and cardiac …

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders.
Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported …

Effort-based decision making is studied using tasks that offer choices between high-effort
options leading to more highly valued reinforcers versus low-effort/low-reward options …

Background Depression is a disorder twice as common in women than in men. There are
sex differences in the symptomatology and treatment response to this disorder. Impairments …

With increasing global consumption of caffeine-rich products, such as coffee, tea, and
energy drinks, there is also an increase in urban and processing waste full of residual …

Physical activities can have intrinsic motivational or reinforcing properties. The choice to
engage in voluntary physical activity is undertaken in relation to the selection of other …

Behavioral activation and effort-related processes are fundamental components of the
construct of motivation. Motivated behavior is often characterized by considerable vigor …

Rationale Effort-based decision-making tasks allow animals to choose between preferred
reinforcers that require high effort to obtain vs. low-effort/low reward options. Mesolimbic …

Impaired behavioral activation and effort-related motivational dysfunctions like fatigue and
anergia are debilitating treatment-resistant symptoms of depression. Depressed people …

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in behavioral activation and exertion of effort
in motivated behaviors. DA antagonism and depletion in nucleus accumbens (Nacb) …