The equine hoof wall has outstanding impact resistance, which enables high-velocity gallop
over hard terrain with minimum damage. To better understand its viscoelastic behavior …

Abstract The Artificial Athlete (AA) and the Advanced Artificial Athlete (AAA) devices are the
two key test methods for the assessment of shock absorption (SA) and vertical deformation …

The aim of this study was to obtain a fundamental understanding of how running shoe
midsole foam thickness contributes to footwear degradation using the heel and forefoot …

Changes in surface hardness are likely to alter an athlete's movement strategy. Anterior
cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk assessments that are performed on a different surface to …

In this work, the possibility of predicting the force reduction (FR) characterizing the shock
absorption capability of track surfaces by finite element modeling was investigated. The …

Shock absorbance, or force reduction, is the most significant parameter in sport surfaces
which has been used as an injury prevention criterion. Many sport federations like the …

This study evaluates the tensile properties, including the tensile strength and elongation at
break, and dynamic behavior, including shock absorption and vertical deformation, of an …

This investigation deals with the problem of identifying the mechanical behaviour of rubbers
from compression tests, performed on specimens having unfavorable geometry. A typical …

Abstract The Force Reduction (FR) impact test, performed by means of an apparatus called
artificial athlete, has been chosen by IAAF (International Association of Athletics …

In this work, finite element simulations of typical sports surfaces were performed to evaluate
parameters, such as the loading rate and the energy absorbed by the surface, in relation to …