The US prison population stands at 1.43 million persons, with an additional 740,000
persons in local jails. Nearly all will eventually return to society. This review examines the …

The unprecedented growth of the penal system in the United States has motivated an
expansive volume of research on the collateral consequences of punishment. In this review …

Many studies use shift-share (or “Bartik”) instruments, which average a set of shocks with
exposure share weights. We provide a new econometric framework for shift-share …

An introduction to the intellectual foundations and practical utility of the recent work on
fairness and machine learning. Fairness and Machine Learning introduces advanced …

Can machine learning improve human decision making? Bail decisions provide a good test
case. Millions of times each year, judges make jail-or-release decisions that hinge on a …

Using a random judge design and panel data from Norway, we estimate that imprisonment
discourages further criminal behavior, with reoffense probabilities falling by 29 percentage …

While hypothesis testing is a highly formalized activity, hypothesis generation remains
largely informal. We propose a systematic procedure to generate novel hypotheses about …

Abstract Communities across the United States are reconsidering the public safety benefits
of prosecuting nonviolent misdemeanor offenses, yet there is little empirical evidence to …

Risk assessment instrument (RAI) datasets, particularly ProPublica's COMPAS dataset, are
commonly used in algorithmic fairness papers due to benchmarking practices of comparing …

Schools must balance student behavior management with the potential negatives of strict
discipline. These policies can deter misbehavior but may stigmatize students and expose …