There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and …

Lysosomes serve as the cellular recycling centre and are filled with numerous hydrolases
that can degrade most cellular macromolecules. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization …

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) constitutes one of the major
checkpoint (s) of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Recently, the permeabilization of yet …

The hepatocyte is especially vulnerable to injury due to its central role in xenobiotic
metabolism including drugs and alcohol, participation in lipid and fatty acid metabolism, its …

Background Despite intensive research efforts, reports of cellular responses to
nanomaterials are often inconsistent and even contradictory. Additionally, relationships …

Patterns of cell death have been divided into apoptosis, which is actively executed by
specific proteases, the caspases, and accidental necrosis. However, there is now …

Necrosis has long been described as a consequence of physico-chemical stress and thus
accidental and uncontrolled. Recently, it is becoming clear that necrotic cell death is as well …

For years, it has been held that cathepsin D (CD) is involved in rather non-specific protein
degradation in a strongly acidic milieu of lysosomes. Studies with CD knock-out mice …

For many years apoptosis research has focused on caspases and their putative role as sole
executioners of programmed cell death. Accumulating information now suggests that …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive therapeutic
technique that can induce the regression of targeted lesions via generating excess cytotoxic …