Insects are exposed to a variety of stress factors in their environment, and, in many cases for
insect pests to agriculture, those factors include toxic chemical insecticides. Coping with the …

During the past decade the pesticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been the subject
of intensive research. These efforts have yielded considerable data about the complex …

▪ Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a valuable source of insecticidal proteins for use in
conventional sprayable formulations and in transgenic crops, and it is the most promising …

Abstract The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is widely regarded
as the most important insect defoliator of potatoes. Its current range covers about 16 million …

Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) were first commercialized in 1996 amid concern from some scientists, regulators and …

Evolution of resistance by insect pests threatens the continued effectiveness of Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in sprays and transgenic crops. Fitness costs of Bt resistance occur …

Fitness costs associated with insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops may help
to delay or prevent the spread of resistance alleles, especially when refuges of non-Bt host …

Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare relative fitness of strains of Colorado
potato beetle resistant and susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A …

The toxicity of neem (Neemix, 0.25% azadirachtin [AI]) and combinations of neem and
Bacillus thuringiensis was examined on 2nd instar of the B. thuringiensis susceptible (Bt-S) …

Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative fitness of
Cry1A-susceptible and laboratory-selected resistant strains of Helicoverpa armigera …